Blood typing in positive DEA 1 dogs: comparative analysis between immunochromatography, hemagglutination and flow cytometry / Tipificação sanguínea em cães AEC 1 positivo: análise comparativa entre a imunocromatografia, hemoaglutinação e citometria de fluxo

Blood typing techniques have been improved to ensure greater safety for transfusion procedures. Typification for the DEA 1 antigen through flow cytometry should offer more reliability to routine immunohematology in donor and recipient dogs. Currently, the DEA 1 group is starting to be an autosomal dominant allelic system with the DEA 1 negative type and its variations of positivity. The present study investigated the DEA 1 antigen using the techniques of immunochromatography, hemagglutination and flow cytometry. Among the positive animals for the DEA 1 group, typified by flow cytometry, medium intensities of fluorescence were found, which are indicative of weak, moderate and strong antigenicity. This enabled the division of the DEA 1 group into weak positive, moderate positive and strong positive. The blood typing techniques for the DEA 1 group by flow cytometry, agglutination and immunochromatography had positive (Spearman r=0.70) and statistically significant (p>0.0001) correlations.(AU)

As técnicas de tipificação sanguínea vêm sendo aperfeiçoadas para garantir maior segurança aos procedimentos transfusionais. A tipificação para o antígeno AEC 1 com o emprego da citometria de fluxo poderá oferecer mais confiabilidade à rotina da imunohematologia em cães doadores e receptores. Na atualidade, o grupo AEC 1 passou a ser denominado como um sistema alélico autossômico dominante com o tipo AEC 1 negativo e suas variações de positividade. O presente trabalho comparou os resultados de três técnicas utilizadas para a pesquisa do antígeno AEC 1: cromatografia; hemoaglutinação e citometria de fluxo. Dentro dos indivíduos positivos para o grupo AEC 1, tipificados pela citometria de fluxo, foram encontradas intensidades médias de fluorescência indicadoras de antigenicidade fraca, moderada e forte, podendo-se dividir o grupo AEC 1 em positivo fraco, positivo moderado e positivo forte. As técnicas de tipificação sanguínea para o grupo AEC 1 por cromatografia, hemoaglutinação e citometria de fluxo apresentaram correlação positiva (Spearman r=0,70) e estatisticamente significativa (p<0,0001).(AU)

Frequência dos antígenos eritrocitários do sistema AB em felinos domésticos no estado da Paraíba / Frequency of AB blood System in domestic cats of Paraíba, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a frequência de antígenos eritrocitários do sistema AB em felinos domésticos da Paraíba, Brasil. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 178 gatos, clinicamente saudáveis, sem pré-requisitos quanto a sexo ou raça, com peso corporal acima de 1,5 kg e faixa etária acima de um ano de idade, abordados no ato da consulta ambulatorial em clínicas médicas de pequenos animais distribuídas entre três cidades da Paraíba (João Pessoa, Campina Grande e Patos). A determinação dos tipos sanguíneos foi realizada através do teste de hemaglutinação em tubo de ensaio e, a tipagem reversa foi realizada para as amostras tipos B e AB para confirmação e evidenciação de aloanticorpos naturais. Neste estudo a frequência relativa de antígenos eritrocitários A, B e AB em sua totalidade para felinos sem raça foram 98,1%, 1,21% e 0,69%, respectivamente. Todos os felinos com definição racial foram do tipo sanguíneo A. Diante destes, a probabilidade de ocorrência de reações transfusionais aleatórias obtidas foi de 2,78%, sendo cerca 40% (1,11%) potencialmente fatais. Desta forma, dado o conhecimento da frequência dos diferentes tipos sanguíneos em felinos, de uma determinada região, conclui-se que a tipagem sanguínea e o teste de compatibilidade, são importantes ferramentas que permitem ao médico veterinário tomar medidas preventivas que minimizem riscos de ocorrência de reações transfusionais e isoeletrólise neonatal e, estabelece pré-requisitos a respeito dos riscos de procedimentos hemoterápicos em felinos que circunstancialmente necessitem serem conduzidos de forma aleatória.

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of the AB blood group antigens system in domestic cats of Paraíba, Brazil. We randomly selected 178 cats which were clinically healthy, with no prerequisites in terms of gender or race, weighing above 1.5 kg, and were over one year of age. These cats were randomly selected when they entered the small animal clinic facilities in the cities of João Pessoa, Campina Grande and Patos. The determination of blood types was made using the hemagglutination test tube, and the reverse typing was performed for samples B and AB types and for confirmation of alloantibodies natural disclosure. In this study the relative frequency of A, B and AB blood group antigens in cats without a determined breed was 98.1%, 1.21% and 0.69% respectively. All cats with breed definition were blood type A. The likelihood of random transfusion reactions was 2.78%, approximately 40% (1.11%) potentially fatal. Thus, given knowledge of the frequency of different blood types in cats, from a given region, it is concluded that blood typing and compatibility test are important tools that enable the veterinarian to take preventative measures to minimize risks of isoelectrolisys reactions and neonatal transfusion, and establishes prerequisites about the risks of hemotherapic procedures in cats that require circumstantially to be conducted randomly.

Prueba pretransfusional en medio enzimático utilizando test en gel: presentación de un caso / Pretransfusional test using gel technique with enzimed treated cells in screening and identification of irregular antibodie: case report

Se presenta paciente de 55 años, sexo femenino politransfundida con falta de respuesta al tratamiento instituído, identificándose un Anti E con técnicas enzimáticas, que no fue detectado en Liss-Coombs. Está bien demostrado desde la literatura internacional que un 35 por ciento de anticuerpos reaccionan sólo con este método y que el 0,5 por ciento del total de los resultados son falsos positivos, se destaca la importancia de trabajar con esta metodología evaluando riesgos-beneficios.

We describe the case of a 55 years old woman that has the history of politransfusion but she hasn't res­ponded to this treatment and it was identified in her serum sample an anti-E antibody that was active only by the enzyme test with gel method. As Literature des­cribe that 35 per cent of alloantibodies only react with this method and 0,5 per cent has false positive result, it is relevant the fact of working with this method testing risk and benefits.

An Evaluation of Platelet Transfusion Response Using HLA Crossmatch-compatible Donors in Patients with Platelet Refractoriness / 대한진단검사의학회지

BACKGROUND: Majority of immune-mediated platelet refractoriness is caused by HLA alloimmunization and can be effectively managed by HLA-matched platelet transfusions. However, HLA class I-typed large-sized donor registry has not been well established in Korea. We evaluated the effectiveness of platelet transfusion using HLA crossmatch-compatible donors without HLA typing. METHODS: Sixteen patients showing platelet refractoriness to random donor platelets (1 hr corrected count increment [CCI] 60%) were crossmatched with 78 platelet apheresis-eligible donors using National Institute of Health (NIH) and anti-human globulin (AHG) lymphocytotoxicity methods. NIH negative/AHG negative and NIH negative/AHG positive donors were selected as best and second choice donors, respectively. RESULTS: Eleven patients (11/16, 69%) could find NIH-crossmatch negative donors and 27 donors (27/78, 35%) belonged to the best donors. To 8 patients, 32 apheresis platelet products from 19 donors were transfused. The mean 1 hr and 24 hr CCI values from the best donors were significantly higher than those from random donors (17,893 vs 2,358, P=0.003; 8,292 vs -614, P<0.001), whereas such differences were not observed for those from the second choice donors. Platelet storage time was inversely correlated with CCI values and platelets stored < or =10 hr after collection gave significantly higher CCI values. Neither ABO match nor donor status (related vs unrelated) affected the transfusion effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Effective post-transfusion platelet increment using HLA crossmatch-compatible donors was attained in patients with platelet refractoriness due to HLA antibodies, and this method can be used effectively where HLA-typed platelet donor registry is not available.

Detecção dos anticorpos regulares abo maternos em recém-nascidos pelo método de tipagem sangüínea reversa estendida até fase de antiglobulina humana / Detection of the mother's abo regulars antibodies in newborns by the reverse blood typing

Neste estudo foram definidos os índices de detecção dos anticorpos regulares ABO maternos em recém-nascidos pelo método de tipagem sangüínea reversa estendida até fase de antiglobulina humana (TRAGH) e a relação destes resultados com os achados de outras metodologias envolvidas no diagnóstico da incompatibilidade materno-fetal pelo sistema ABO (IABO). Foram colhidasamostras sangüíneas para análise imuno-hematológica de 38 recém-nascidos com tipo sangüíneo A ou B, apresentando até 30 dias de vida (sem conhecimento prévio dos fenótipos ABO maternos) e realização dos testes de tipagem ABO direta, TRAGH, Coombs direto e eluato-LUI, visando detectar anti-A e/ou anti-B. Os resultados demonstraram que a TRAGH efetuou a detecção dos anticorpos regulares ABO maternos na maioria das amostras analisadas nas quais foram confirmados os casos de IABO (09 de 15 amostras), constituindo-se, mediante a análise conjunta com os demais dados imuno-hematológicos, em um útil parâmetro laboratorial na adequação imunológica do hemocomponente ao receptor ena confirmação diagnóstica de IABO.

In this study were defined the exponents of the detection of mother’s ABO regulars antibodies in newborns by the reverse blood typing extend up to stage of the antihuman globulin method (RTAGH) and the relacion this results with the faind other methods include in the diagnosis of the ABO maternal-fetal incompatibility (IABO). Samples of blood were picked for immunohematology analysis from 38 newborns with the blood type A our B , with until 30 days of life ( without previous knowing of the ABO mother’s types) and make of the ABO typing direct, RTAGH, Coombs direct and elution by freezing tests, purposing the detection of the anti-A and/our anti-B. The results demonstrate with the RTAGH maked the detection of the mother’s ABO regulars antibodies in the most samples analyses with the were confirmated the cases of the IABO (09 of 15 samples), constitute, trough the completeness analyse with too much tests immunohematology, in the useful laboratory information in the imunology adjust of the hemocomponent to the pacient and in the diagnosis of IABO confirmation.

Eficacia de la fenotipificación Rh / Effectiveness of Rh fenotipification

Basándonos en garantizar la calidad de los procedimientos del laboratorio pretransfusional, se evaluó la eficacia de la fenotipificación Rh en donantes y receptores. Para ello se comparó el número de pacientes sensibilizados transfundidos con glóbulos rojos desplasmatizados (GRD) con fenotipo Rh tomados al azar en relación con pacientes sensibilizados transfundidos con GRD isofenotipo, a fin de determinar si la implementación de las técnicas de fenotipificación Rh en dadores y receptores disminuye la sensibilización por este sistema. De los 113 anticuerpos hallados, 65 (57,52 por ciento) corresponden al sistema Rh y 48 (42,48 por ciento) a otros sistemas de antígenos eritrocitarios. Dentro de los 65 anticuerpos del sistema Rh, 56 (86,15 por ciento) pertenecen al primer grupo y 9 (13,85 por ciento) al segundo. A través de esta casuística demostramos que la implementación de la fenotipificación Rh disminuyó la sensibilización a este sistema.

In order to guarantee the quality of procedures in the pretransfusional laboratory, RH fenotipification efficiency was analised in donors and recipients. To do this, the number of sensitized patients transfusioned with red cells (GRD) with fenotype Rh taken at random was compared with patients transfusioned with fenotype GRD, in order to determine whether the implementation of RH fenotipification techniques in donors and recipients diminishes the sensitization by this system. Out of 113 antibodies found, 65 (57,52 per cent) correspond to Rh system and 48 (42,48 per cent) to other systems of antifungals red cells. Within the 65 antibodies of the Rh system, 56 (86,15 per cent) belong to the first group and 9 (13,85 per cent) to the second. Through these cases, we are showing that the implementation of fenotipification Rh diminished the sensitization to this system.

Pruebas de compatibilidad pretransfusional. Protocolo de compatibilidad mayor vs. tamizaje de AC irregulares y compatibilidad abreviada. ¿Cuál es óptimo para implementar en bancos de sangre? / Pretansfusional testing. Crossmatch vs type and screen. Wich is the better to implement in the blood banks?

Cualquier prueba pretransfusional tiene como objetivo garantizar la normal sobrevida de las células rojas transfundidas (detectando anticuerpos clínicamente significativos en el suero del receptor), minimizar los riesgos para el paciente y contener los costos. Desde su introducción, las pruebas pretransfusionales fueron sometidas a una constante modificación. La cuestión en debate es: ¿Qué constituye hoy, una estrategia segura y costo-efectiva y nos permite en forma rápida disponer de unidades compatibles?. La mayoría de los bancos de sangre testean en sus pruebas pretransfusionales: 1. grupo ABO y RH en dador y receptor. 2. Tamizaje de Ac irregulares en el receptor. 3. Identificación de la especificidad de ese anticuerpo irregular detectado. 4. Prueba de compatibilidad mayor (fase antiglobulínica) con una unidad Antígeno (Ag.) negativa. Bajo este protocolo una unidad compatibilizada es reservada para un paciente en particular por un tiempo de 48-72 horas (dependiendo de la política del servicio) y por lo tanto el stock de sangre disponible se verá reducido. En la política de tamizaje de ACS irregulares con compatibilidad abreviada (type and screen) , cada muestra de un potencial receptor es tipificada para ABO y RH y se realiza un tamizaje de AC inesperados pero clínicamente significativos. Para esto se incuba el suero del paciente con células conocidas (panel de 2 ó 3 tubos) que portan los Ag. de grupos sanguíneos más importantes y representativos, todos preferentemente en estado homocigota; se realiza una lectura a 37°C y una fase antiglobulínica. Si el resultado es negativo, no se reserva sangre compatibilizada. Si se requiere una transfusión, se realiza una compatibilidad abreviada (centrifugación inmediata) para demostrar incompatibilidad ABO y se libera la unidad. Si el resultado del tamizaje es positivo, se identifica el AC y se selecciona una unidad Antígeno negativa para realizar la compatibilidad mayor.

Pretransfusional tests have the object of assuring normal survival of transfused red cells (detecting clinically significant antibodies in the receptor serum), minimizing risks for patients and reducing costs. Since they were first introduced, pretransfusional tests have been subjected to continuous modifications. The issue under discussion is: Which protocol constitutes a safe and cost-effective strategy that allows for a quick availability of compatible units? In pre-transfusion tests, most blood banks test the following: 1. ABO group and RH factor in donor and receptor. 2. Sieving of irregular antibodies in receptor. 3. Identification of specificity of the detected irregular antibodies. 4. Crossmatching test (anti-globulin phase) with a negative Antigenic (Ag.) unit. Under this protocol. a compatible unit is kept for a particular patient for a 48-72-hour period (depending on the service policy) and therefore, the available blood stock will be reduced. In the policy for sieving irregular antibodies with abbreviated match (type and screen), each sample from a potential receptor is typified for ABO and RH, and a sieving of unexpected but clinically significant antibodies is carried out. For this purpose, the patients' serum is incubated with known cells (a 2 or 3-tube panel) which carry the Ag. of more relevant and representative blood groups, all of them preferably in homozygous state. Then an interpretation at 37° C and an anti-globulin phase are performed. If the result is negative, crossmatched blood is not stored. If a transfusion is required, an abbreviated crossmatch is carried out (immediate centrifugation) to demonstrate ABO incompatibility, and the unit is released. If the Sieving result is positive, the antibody is identified, and a negative antigen unit is selected to carry out the majar crossmatch.

Bombay phenotype in two North Indian brothers: a case report.

Bombay phenotype is unique in the aspect that the red cells are not agglutinated by antisera A, B and H. However the serum of such individuals contains anti A, B and strongly reactive anti H which agglutinates red cells of 'O' group individuals through a wide thermal range. The blood specimen of a 35 year old male donor who donated blood for the first time was subjected to detailed cell and serum grouping. There was a discrepancy between the results. The possibility of Bombay phenotype was considered and the sample was tested with anti H lectin. Further confirmation of blood group and secretor status was done from a reference laboratory. Family studies showed the same blood group in the elder sibling of the propositus. The present case highlights the significance of correlating cell and serum grouping results. Moreover, this blood group is very rare in North India. Family studies revealed the propositus to possess the B gene which was suppressed in the donor but expressed in the offsprings. The use of anti H in discrepant blood grouping results is recommended.

Frecuencia del fenotipo Rh en donantes de sangre / Frequency of the Rh phenotype among blood donors

El sistema Rh es el grupo sanguíneo más complejo y polimórfico de la membrana del eritrocito. Su gran importancia e interés clínico se deben a que sus antígenos son sumamente inmunogénicos y juegan un papel central en la patogénesis de la enfermedad hemolítica feto neonatal, en reacciones hemolíticas transfusionales y en algunas anemias hemolíticas autoinmunes. El objetivo del siguiente trabajo es estimar la frecuencia del fenotipo Rh en donantes de sangre. La población estudiada corresponde a 3.214 muestras de sangre, que afecta a la totalidad de donantes que se presentaron en el banco de sangre del Hospital "4 de Junio" desde el 1º de junio de 2005 al 1º de julio de 2006. La muestra a estudiar consistió en 718 especímenes. Se utilizó un procedimiento de muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. La investigación realizada empleó un diseño de tipo retrospectivo, descriptivo, observacional, transversal. La tipificación del fenotipo Rh se realizó con reactivos monoclonales de diferentes marcas. La técnica usada fue en tubo, en fuerza iónica normal, para lo cual se realizó una suspensión globular al 2-5 por ciento. En las células Rh negativo se realizó además la determinación del D débil. El conocimiento previo del fenotipo Rh en pacientes politransfundidos, y/o pacientes que hayan desarrollado aloanticuerpos, como así también en donantes de sangre acelera notablemente la selección de las unidades más aptas para su transfusión. El impacto a largo plazo de esta práctica, llevada a cabo en forma rutinaria, sería considerablemente importante, ya que de esta manera se reducirían los incidentes de sensibilización por los antígenos del sistema Rh, que a menudo es imposible de evitar con las técnicas de compatibilidad realizadas de rutina. Las categorías o variantes del fenotipo Rh más frecuentemente encontradas en la población de donantes de sangre estudiada fueron: DCcEe (23,3 por ciento), DCe (23,11 por ciento) y DCce (21,86 por ciento).

The Rh system is the most complete and polymorphic blood sanguine group of the red cell membrane. Its paramount importance and clinical interestis owed to the fact that its antigens are highly immunogenic and they play a central role on the pathogenesis of the neonatal foetus hemolytic illness, on hemolytic transfusional reactions and some autoimmune hemolytic anemias. The aim of the present work is to estimate the Rh phenotype frecuency in blood donors. The population studied corresponds to 3.214 blood samples, wich affect the total number of blood donors who attended to the blood bank of the "June 4" Hospital. The gathering of blood samples dates from June 1st 2005 toJuly 1st 2006. The studied samples consisted of 718 specimens. In order to do this, a simple probabilistic process at random was applied. This research was developed by means of a retrospective, descriptive and transverse type of design. The Rh typification was obtained by monoclonal reactives from different brands. The applied technique was done in a tube, at regular ionic strengh. In order to do this, it was necessary a globular suspension at 2-5 percent. Besides, on the Rh negative cell the measurement of the weak D was done. The previous acknowledge of the Rh phenotype in polytransfusioned patients who might have developed their own alloantibodies, and in blood donors, it notably quickens the selection of the most suitable units for its transfusion. The consequences of this practice within a time and been done as part of a routine would be of a considerable importance, since we could reduce the incidents about the sensible reactions caused by the Rh antigens, that are often impossible of avoiding throughout the routine compatibility techniques. Most frequently found of the Rh phenotype in the blood donors population were: DccEe (23,39 percent), DCe (23,11 percent), and DCce (21,86 percent).

Molecular genetic analysis of Diego blood group Dia and Dib in Chinese Han population / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the molecular genetic background of Diego blood group in Chinese Han population.@*METHODS@#A total of 2990 blood samples from unrelated blood donors were phenotyped for Dia and Dib by serological method. Twenty randomly selected samples of Di(a-b+) type and all of the samples of rare Di(a+b-) phenotype by screening were genotyped by PCR-SSP and direct DNA Sequencing.@*RESULTS@#Of the 2990 samples identified by serological method, 2821 were Di(a-b+), 167 were Di(a+b+) and 2 were Di(a+b-). All of the 20 randomly-selected samples with Di(a-b+) phenotype were DI2DI2 homozygote by PCR-SSP genotyping, with nucleotide C at nt position 2561 in exon 19 by direct sequencing of the DI gene. The 2 samples of rare Di (a+b-) phenotype were both the DI1DI1 homozygote, with nucleotide T at nt position 2561 in exon 19.@*CONCLUSION@#Our results indicate that the expression of Dia and Dib antigens in Chinese Han population most likely result from a single nucleotide T to C substitution at nucleotide position 2561 in exon 19 of the DI gene, which subsequently leads to an amino acid 854 change from Pro to Leu.

Indigenous development of antibody screening cell panels at armed forces institute of transfusion [AFIT]

To prepare good quality screening cells reagent according to the standards, at Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion [AFIT]. Random group O donors, seronegative for HBsAg, HCV and HIV were selected if they resided in Rawalpindi or Islamabad and could be contacted. Micro column Gel technique was used to find out R1R1, R1wr, R2R2 and rr phenotypes with or without K antigen. Repeat sample of these donors were phenotyped for minimum antigens required for reagent cells. Teams of three donors each were made on the basis of Rh, K antigens and homozygosity for E, Fya,Fyb, Jka, Jkb, S, and s antigens. The selected cells were added to preservative suspension containing neomycin and chloramphenicol and dispensed as 8% solution and labeled. Cells were submitted to quality control testing for 35 days shelf life and efficacy was compared with commercial cells. The cells of required phenotype were prepared according to UK guidelines and AABB standards with minor exceptions. Reagent cells had excellent quality confirmed by many quality control procedures and were comparable to commercial cells in efficacy. The cost saving was significant. AFIT can introduce type and screen policy and Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule using indigenously prepared cells, of good quality and at an affordable price. This will enhance serological safety of recipients and brings AFIT near to adopting standard practice of pretransfusion testing

Uso de lectinas como alternativa para el tipeaje de sangre / Use of lectins with alternative of the blood typing

Las lectinas en su mayoría son glicoproteínas que poseen múltiples propiedades de interés biomédico como la de aglutinar eritrocitos. Muchas lectinas se obtienen de semillas de leguminosas; algunas muestran alta especificidad según el fenotipo ABO de los eritrocitos. Ello abre la posibilidad de utilizarlas como alternativa a los anticuerpos monoclonales empleados actualmente para tipeaje sanguíneo. En este trabajo se buscó elaborar reactivos a partir de extractos de phaseolus lunatus. Se seleccionó esta semilla perteneciente a la flora venezolana, para evaluar su especificidad, estabilidad y potencia para el tipeaje de sangre humana. Las lectinas se extrajeron de las semillas finamente molidas por agitación, refrigeración y centrifugación. Los extractos se colectaron por centrifugación y se diluyeron para el tipeaje de sangre, de acuerdo a la técnica convencional en tubo siguiendo un diseño doble-ciego. El reactivo preparado con phaseolus lunatus aglútinó únicamente eritrocitos del tipo "A" y AB" con un índice nulo de determinaciones falsas y reacciones cruzadas en 500 muestras. La preparación fue estable (> 6 meses - 4°C), económica, potente y específica. Los resultados obtenidos confirman el uso potencial de los extractos de phaseolus lunatus para el tipeaje rutinario de eritrocitos humanos

Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions due to Multiple Alloantibodies Including Anti-E, Anti-c and Anti-Jk(b)

We report a case of two consecutive episodes of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) due to multiple alloantibodies in a 34-yr-old man who suffered from avascular necrosis of left femoral head. He received five units of packed red blood cells (RBCs) during surgery. Then the transfusion of packed RBCs was required nine days after the surgery because of the unexplained drop in hemoglobin level. The transfusion of the first two units resulted in fever and brown-colored urine, but he received the transfusion of another packed RBCs the next day. He experienced even more severe symptoms during the transfusion of the first unit. We performed antibody screening test, and it showed positive results. Multiple alloantibodies including anti-E, anti-c and anti-Jk(b) were detected by antibody identification study. Acute HTRs due to multiple alloantibodies were diagnosed, and the supportive cares were done for 6 days. We suggest the antibody screening test should be included in the panel of pretransfusion tests for safer transfusion, and it is particularly mandatory for the patients with multiple transfusions, pregnant women, and preoperative patients.

A preliminary study of the distribution of blood group systems in Thai blood donors determined by the gel test.

Two hundred blood samples obtained from volunteer blood donors at the Blood Bank, Army Institute of Pathology were studied for red cell groupings in the ABO, Rh, MNSs, Duffy, Lewis. P. Kell, Lutheran and Kidd Systems. Each sample was tested by the gel test using five cards; the ABO-Rh card, Diaclon Rh sub groups + K card, Antigen profile I card (P, Le(a), Le(b), Lu(a), Lu(b)), Antigen profile II card (k, Kp(a), Kp(b), Jk(a), Jk(b)) and Antigen profile III card (M, N, S, s, Fy(a), Fy(b)). For the ABO System, group O is the most common (40.5%) followed by group B (30.5%), group A (20.5%) and group AB (8.5%). The most common Rh gene complex was CCDee (51.5%), which was similar to other studies. The incidence of MMss and MNss gene complexes were the most common in the MNSs System. Fy(a) is very common as in other Asians. In the Lewis System, the incidence of Le (a-b-) was 23.5%, which is consistent with other findings in the Thai population. Sixty (30%) were positive with anti-P1. For the Kell System, only kk and Kp(b) positive types were observed in this study, as well as Lu (a-b+) in the Lutheran System. Jk (a-b-) was not found, which is considered a rare phenotype among Thai people. This study reveals the blood group distribution in 200 Thai volunteers using the gel test. Because of its simplicity and efficacy, this test is practical in population studies. Moreover, it is useful for mass screening and application in emergency situations.